Exploring the effects of green infrastructure placement on neighborhood-level flooding via spatially explicit simulations

Article history: Received 19 August 2015 Received in revised form 25 April 2016 Accepted 26 April 2016 Available online xxxx State and local governments are increasingly considering the adoption of legislation to promote green infrastructure (e.g., bioswales, green roofs) for stormwatermanagement. This interest emerges from higher frequencies of combined sewer outflows, floods and exposure of residents and habitat to pollutedwater resulting fromgrowing urbanization and related pressure on stormwater management facilities. While this approach is promising, there aremanyunknowns about the effects of specific implementation aspects (e.g., scale, layout), particularly as urban settlements and climate conditions change over time. If green infrastructure is to be required by law, these aspects need to be better understood. We developed a spatially-explicit process-based model (the Landscape Green Infrastructure Design model, L-GriD) developed to understand how the design of green infrastructure may affect performance at a neighborhood scale, taking into consideration the magnitude of stormevents, and the spatial layout of different kinds of land cover. We inform the mechanisms in our model with established hydrological models. In contrast with watershed data-intensive models in one extreme and site level cost-savings calculators in the other, our model allows us to generalize principles for green infrastructure design and implementation at a neighborhood scale, to informpolicy-making. Simulation results show that with as little as 10% surface coverage, green infrastructure can greatly contribute to runoff capture in small storms, but that the amountwould need to be doubled or tripled to dealwith larger storms in a similarway.Whenplacement options are limited, layouts in which green infrastructure is dispersed across the landscape—particularly vegetated curb cuts—are more effective in reducing flooding in all storm types than clustered arrangements. As opportunities for green infrastructure placement increase and as precipitation increases, however, patterns that follow the flow-path and accumulation of water become more effective, which can be built on an underlying curb-cut layout. If space constraints prevented any of these layouts, random placement would still provide benefits over clustered layouts. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.